The recent wave of youth-led protests across sub-Saharan Africa is strikingly reminiscent of the Arab Spring that swept through North Africa and the Middle East over a decade ago. Photo credit Source : Pexels , Emmanuel Ikwuegbu
The recent wave of youth-led protests across sub-Saharan Africa is strikingly reminiscent of the Arab Spring that swept through North Africa and the Middle East over a decade ago. As these movements gain momentum, they highlight a shared frustration with economic hardship, corruption, and ineffective governance. Countries like Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and to some extent Malawi are now at the forefront of this burgeoning "African Spring."
In Kenya, the spark ignited in June 2024, when President William Ruto's administration introduced a controversial finance bill proposing increased taxes on essential goods. The bill was the last straw for many Kenyans already grappling with high living costs and rampant corruption. Despite Ruto's attempts to quell the unrest by withdrawing the bill and reshuffling his cabinet, the protests persisted, underlining deeper systemic issues. This sustained dissent echoes the early days of Tunisia's uprising in 2010, where economic grievances quickly morphed into broader demands for political change.
Adding to the volatility, CNN correspondent Larry Madowo was struck by a tear gas canister fired by riot police while covering the protests live in Nairobi on 8th August 2024. Despite being clearly marked as a journalist, Madowo was targeted, highlighting the aggressive measures taken by the police against both protesters and the media. Madowo reported that police had been particularly forceful, using tear gas and flashbangs to disperse even small gatherings, leaving much of the city deserted during what would normally be rush hour. His experience underscores the intense environment in Kenya, where the right to protest and freedom of the press—both constitutionally guaranteed—are under severe pressure. This incident not only reflects the increasing hostility towards media coverage but also amplifies the protesters' grievances about the government’s heavy-handed tactics.
Nigeria has similarly witnessed a resurgence of protests, drawing parallels to the #EndSARS movement of 2020. The #EndBadGovernanceInNigeria protests that erupted in August 2024 reflect widespread dissatisfaction with President Bola Tinubu's administration. Issues like economic mismanagement, corruption, food inflation at 40% and soaring living costs have driven Nigerians to the streets, demanding transparency, and accountability. The government's heavy-handed response, including curfews and police crackdowns, has only fuelled the fire, reminiscent of the oppressive tactics used by regimes during the Arab Spring.
Uganda, under the long-standing rule of President Yoweri Museveni, has not been immune to this wave of dissent. Youth-led protests against corruption and poor governance have been met with brutal repression. Inspired by the successes of their Kenyan counterparts, Ugandan protesters continue to push for change despite facing significant risks. The determination of these young activists is strikingly similar to the resilience seen in Egypt's Tahrir Square, where protesters refused to back down despite violent government crackdowns.
Zimbabwe's political landscape is also showing signs of unrest. Economic turmoil and political repression have long plagued the country, and recent actions by President Emmerson Mnangagwa's administration—such as the arrest of opposition leaders and activists—suggest a growing fear of a potential uprising. The situation bears a stark resemblance to Libya before its descent into civil war, where economic grievances intertwined with political repression led to a full-scale revolution. Not that I see it going that way for Zimbabwe but is rather worrying.
In Malawi, the sudden death of Vice President Saulos Chilima in a plane crash on 10th June 2024 has exacerbated an already tense situation. Chilima was a significant political figure known for his calls for radical reform, anti-corruption stance and energised political demeanour. His death has sparked conspiracy theories and demands for an independent investigation, adding to the country's existing economic challenges, failure to combat corruption, and public dissatisfaction. This incident has parallels to the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia, which acted as a catalyst for the Arab Spring by highlighting the desperation and frustration of the populace. However, the temperature has somewhat calmed of late but as we are approaching an election year in 2025 these tensions could spark and get out of control.
The conditions fuelling these protests—economic hardship, corruption, nepotism, and poor governance—are remarkably similar to those that ignited the Arab Spring. In both instances, young people have been at the forefront, driven by a lack of opportunities and a desire for systemic change. The interconnectedness of these movements across sub-Saharan Africa highlights a regional awakening, where the successes and failures of one country inspire others.
However, the road to change is fraught with challenges. Governments are likely to continue using repressive measures to maintain control, and the risk of violence and instability remains high. Achieving systemic reform requires sustained efforts and the building of robust institutions, a process that is both slow and complex.
The international community has a crucial role to play in supporting these movements. Diplomatic pressure, financial aid, and backing for civil society organisations can help sustain the momentum for change. However, international actors must tread carefully, ensuring that their interventions respect the sovereignty and self-determination of these nations.
In conclusion, the potential for a "Sub-Saharan African Spring" is real and growing. The sustained protests in Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and Malawi (not forgotten other regions experiencing similar issues but not mentioned in the piece) reflect a deep-seated demand for change. While the challenges ahead are significant, the determination and resilience of young Africans suggest that the region may be on the brink of significant political transformations. As the world watches, the support and engagement of the international community will be vital in helping these movements achieve their goals for a more just and equitable future.
*James Woods is the founder and CEO of GlobiQ International (GQI), a consulting firm specialising in strategic communications and advisory services. A former diplomat with a commendable record of service for Malawi in various European nations—including Belgium, Andorra, France, the Principality of Monaco, the Netherlands, Italy, Luxembourg, and the European Union—James has also provided advisory services to numerous African heads of state and business leaders.
In addition to his diplomatic and consulting expertise, James is a recognised football expert, a Malawi FIFA Agent, involved in the business of sport, where he offers strategic guidance in acquisitions, infrastructure development, player management, team negotiations, marketing, technology, and image rights. He is currently deepening his knowledge in business leadership and management as an MBA candidate at the University of Oxford, associated with Kellogg College. James is also an Archbishop Desmond Tutu Fellow. Website: www.globiqinternational.com, Email: info@globiqinternational.com
