Water, the essence of life, agriculture, and industry, is a global concern integral to the sustenance of nations. Zimbabwe, a Southern African landlocked country grappling with a cholera outbreak since February 2023, is no exception to the challenges posed by water scarcity, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. This article delves into the current state of water security in Zimbabwe, exploring key issues and potential solutions.
Water Scarcity
Zimbabwe confronts significant challenges linked to water scarcity, driven by climatic factors and human activities. Irregular rainfall patterns, exacerbated by climate change, have led to prolonged droughts, impacting the country's ability to secure sufficient water for its population and agriculture. Water reservoirs like Lake Kariba, vital for hydropower and irrigation, have seen diminished water levels, affecting energy generation and agricultural productivity.
Access to Clean Water
Ensuring access to safe and clean drinking water remains a critical concern in Zimbabwe. According to UNICEF, 24 percent of Zimbabweans lack access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities, with only 40% having access to improved sanitation facilities. Rural areas, where access lags significantly at 35 percent, rely on contaminated water sources, leading to waterborne diseases. The lack of clean water not only jeopardizes public health but also hampers socio-economic development.
Infrastructure Challenges
Zimbabwe's water infrastructure requires urgent rehabilitation and expansion. Aging pipes, leakages, and inefficient water distribution systems contribute to substantial water losses. Urban areas, including Harare, face shortages due to inadequate infrastructure and insufficient maintenance. The Zimbabwe Infrastructure Report (2019) outlines a USD 2.2 billion plan for water resource management, funded by national budgets, the national company (ZINWA), international donors, and private investors.
The Zambezi River, Zimbabwe
Agriculture and Water Management
Agriculture is a cornerstone of Zimbabwe's economy, providing employment to 70 percent of the population. Efficient water management is crucial for sustaining crop production. The country heavily relies on irrigation, making it vulnerable to water scarcity. Sustainable agricultural practices, water-efficient technologies, and investments in irrigation infrastructure are vital steps towards enhancing water security in the agricultural sector.
Policy and Governance
Effective water management necessitates robust policies and governance structures. Zimbabwe has developed policies like the National Water Policy and the Water Act; however, implementation faces obstacles related to capacity, coordination, and resource allocation. Strengthening governance frameworks and increasing capacity at both national and local levels are essential for sustainable water management.
A Comprehensive Approach
The current state of water security in Zimbabwe reflects a complex interplay of climatic, infrastructural, and governance challenges. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving government bodies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. Investments in water infrastructure, sustainable agricultural practices, and improved governance are crucial to building resilience against water scarcity and ensuring a sustainable water future for Zimbabwe.
*Christian B. Jantio is the President and CEO of Vidagua Foundation, a U.S. based non-profit organization that focuses on delivering clean drinking water to schools, homeless shelters in the United States and in impoverished communities in developing countries. He is also a contributing writer to www.panafricanvisions.com, and Pan African Visions magazine.
